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Kanazawa University research: Scientists reveal how antibodies reach a key breast-cancer protein

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Real-time nanoscale imaging shows that how much of a protein is present does not necessarily reveal how accessible it is to antibodies

KANAZAWA, Japan, Oct. 14, 2026 /PRNewswire/ — Researchers at the Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) at Kanazawa University have developed a way to observe how antibodies interact with a cancer-related protein carried on tiny membrane-bound vesicles released by cells. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy, they found that measuring how much of the protein is present does not necessarily show how accessible it is to antibodies. The findings reported in the journal Small Methods provide a new way to investigate differences between individual cancer-derived vesicles although further research is needed before the approach can be used clinically.

Seeing whether a cancer protein can actually be reached 

Cancer cells can avoid attack by the immune system in several ways. One involves a protein called programmed death-ligand 1 or PD-L1. When PD-L1 interacts with immune cells it can act as a brake that reduces their ability to attack a tumor. Medicines that block this interaction have transformed the treatment of some cancers but patients respond very differently.

Tests often measure how much PD-L1 is present. However, quantity is only part of the picture. A protein may be present but partly hidden by nearby molecules or positioned in a way that makes it difficult for an antibody to reach. This physical availability is known as accessibility.

The Kanazawa University team investigated PD-L1 on small extracellular vesicles. These are tiny membrane-bound packages released by cells that carry proteins and other biological material. They can travel between cells and help cells communicate. Vesicles released by tumors can also influence immune responses. Their surfaces vary from one vesicle to another so measurements made across large groups can conceal important differences.

Watching antibodies bind to individual vesicles

Reon Imakawa and colleagues led by Richard W. Wong used high-speed atomic force microscopy to examine individual vesicles in liquid under conditions close to those found in the body. The technique uses an extremely fine probe to trace a surface and build rapid nanoscale images. It requires neither fluorescent labels nor chemical fixation so the researchers could follow antibody interactions in real time.

The researchers compared vesicles from two breast cancer cell lines. MCF7 cells have relatively low levels of PD-L1 while MDA-MB-231 cells are a model of triple-negative breast cancer with much higher PD-L1 expression. Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive form of the disease that lacks three biological markers commonly used to guide treatment.

Antibodies targeting PD-L1 behaved very differently on the two groups of vesicles. On vesicles with high PD-L1 levels the antibodies frequently docked at the surface and remained there for longer periods. On vesicles with low PD-L1 levels the interactions were mostly brief. The antibodies moved along the surface and soon disappeared from view.

More than 80 percent of the high-PD-L1 vesicles showed persistent antibody association. By contrast more than 90 percent of the low-PD-L1 vesicles showed no detectable stable interaction. A control antibody rarely remained attached to either type. These results show that the method can distinguish stable binding from fleeting contact on individual vesicles.

Differences hidden by average measurements

The team assessed both how often an antibody docked and how long it remained in place. Together these measurements provide a functional picture of how accessible PD-L1 is on each vesicle. Even vesicles released by the same cell type varied substantially. This variation would be difficult to see using conventional tests that report an average across a large population.

“We usually ask how much of a protein is present, but our results show that this is only part of the picture,” said Richard W. Wong, who led the study at Kanazawa University’s Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI). “What also matters is whether the protein is exposed in a way that allows other molecules to reach and interact with it.”

The researchers call their descriptive approach the Checkpoint Ligand Interface Phenotype or CLIP framework. It organizes vesicles according to observable features such as the frequency and duration of antibody binding. At this stage CLIP is an experimental framework rather than a diagnostic classification system.

A second antibody targeting CD63 which is commonly found on extracellular vesicles produced broadly similar binding patterns across the different samples. This indicates that the differences observed for PD-L1 were linked to the particular target rather than a general tendency of some vesicles to bind more antibodies.

A first test with patient-derived material

The researchers also examined vesicles released by breast cancer cells grown from a tumor sample donated by one patient with triple-negative breast cancer. Detectable antibody interactions occurred on 93.5 percent of these vesicles. However, the duration of binding fell between the two laboratory cell-line models. Individual patient-derived vesicles also differed in the number of antibody docking sites that could be detected.

These findings demonstrate that the imaging method can be applied to patient-derived material. They do not show that it can predict whether a patient will respond to immunotherapy. The patient-derived cells came from a single person and were grown in the laboratory. The vesicles were not taken directly from blood.

Potential significance

The study introduces protein accessibility as a measurable property that complements information about how much of a protein is present. The approach could help researchers understand why apparently similar vesicles behave differently and could be extended to other proteins carried on extracellular vesicles and other nanoscale biological structures.

Study limitations

This is an early laboratory study. It used two breast cancer cell lines and cells derived from one patient. Antibody accessibility under the imaging conditions should not be treated as a direct measure of immune activity in the body or as evidence of treatment response. The vesicles were held on a surface for imaging and the scanning probe may influence very weak interactions. The method is also lower-throughput than existing population-based tests. Clinical relevance will require larger patient groups direct analysis of vesicles from body fluids and comparison with treatment outcomes.

Figure

https://nanolsi.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/Small-Meth-E-eye-cat.jpg

High-speed AFM reveals heterogeneous antibody accessibility on single small extracellular vesicles (sEVs).

Real-time HS-AFM imaging directly visualizes long-lasting stable and transient antibody binding to individual sEVs. MDA-MB-231-derived and patient-derived TNBC sEVs showed markedly higher antibody co-localization and longer dwell times than MCF7-derived sEVs, revealing substantial differences in the accessibility of surface PD-L1 at the single-vesicle level.

Reference

Reon Imakawa, Keesiang Lim, Takeshi Yoshida, Tomoyoshi Yamano, Tsunaki Hongu, Uryo Onishi, Masaharu Hazawa, Toshio Ando, Noriko Gotoh, Rikinari Hanayama and Richard W. Wong. “Single-Vesicle Functional Nanophenotyping Reveals Heterogeneous PD-L1 Accessibility in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.” Small Methods (2026); e71041.

DOI: 10.1002/smtd.71041.

https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.71041

Funding

This research was supported by the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT, Japan; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI grant JP24K18449 and grants JP24H01276, JP25H02360, JP26K01637 and JP26K22904; JST CREST grant JPMJCR22E3; and grants from the Hokuriku Bank, the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders, the Takeda Science Foundation and the Shimadzu Science Foundation.

Media Contact

Motoko YASUHARA (Ms)
Project Planning and Outreach, NanoLSI Administration Office
Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University
Email: nanokoho@adm.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan

About the Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University

The Nano Life Science Institute at Kanazawa University develops advanced nanoprobe technologies to directly image, analyze and manipulate biomolecules in living systems. By exploring previously inaccessible nanoscale phenomena, the institute seeks to uncover fundamental principles of life and disease.
https://nanolsi.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/en/

About the World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI)

The WPI program was launched in 2007 by Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) to establish globally visible research centers with outstanding research environments and a high degree of autonomy. The program is administered by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-toplevel/

About Kanazawa University

Founded in 1862 in Ishikawa Prefecture, Kanazawa University is one of Japan’s leading comprehensive national universities. The university promotes interdisciplinary research and international collaboration across science, medicine, engineering, the humanities and social sciences.
https://www.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/en/

 

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Faith: The Spark Born by the Yudu Riverside

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BEIJING, Oct. 18, 2026 /PRNewswire/ — An interview from China.org.cn with Wang Xiaohui and David Ferguson on the Long March:

David Ferguson:

This is the Yudu River. One dusk in October, 1934, more than 86,000 soldiers of the Red Army crossed this river and embarked on the Long March, a two-year saga that has left its mark in history.

Yet, lingering here by the river, I am struck by a simple question: If you have faith in a bright future, and reality seems to thwart you at every turn, where do you find the moral strength to keep believing?

Wang Xiaohui:

At dusk on Oct. 17, 1934, an army of more than 86,000 troops gathered along the banks of the Yudu River. Over 800 boats of all sizes floated on the water, bound together with planks collected from villagers’ home gates, timber beams, and even coffin boards reserved for elderly locals. The people of Yudu built this pontoon bridge, determined to help the army led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) cross the river.

At that time, no one knew that the great expedition embarked upon by the banks of the Yudu River would go on to transform China and exert far-reaching influence across the world.

China in the 1920s and 1930s was plagued by chaos and despair.

The Kuomintang (KMT), the ruling party back then, was not capable of unifying the nation, leaving warlords locked in endless fighting. In 1931, Japanese invaders launched an assault on northeastern China, beginning their invasion. Crushed under domestic turbulence and foreign aggression, countless civilians were displaced, with many even starving to death on the streets; in certain regions, severe drought resulted in zero harvests, yet the farmers were forced to pay land taxes assessed for more than a decade into the future.

Amid this turmoil, the only glimmer of hope for the Chinese nation was kindled by the revolution ignited by the Communist Party of China.

The CPC, dedicated to winning liberation for the people and national independence, built contingents of workers’ and peasants’ Red Army troops and revolutionary base areas across the countryside. Impoverished farmers were granted land ownership, as well as unprecedented political dignity. On Nov. 7, 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic was officially proclaimed in Ruijin, then a small village in southeastern China’s Jiangxi Province, establishing a Soviet system under which workers, peasants and soldiers elected representatives to run regional affairs and make policies.

The communist ideal of a fair society free from exploitation and equality for all blazed like a spark in the darkness; it kindled hopes among impoverished Chinese and became the wellspring of faith that enabled the Red Army — a force made up of poor workers and peasants — to overcome all hardships in the days to come.

Yet, bright as the spark was, it burned thin and fragile at times. Could this flame still endure when the ideals it carried were repeatedly battered by harsh reality?

In September 1933, flocks of warplanes clouded the skies over the Red Army’s revolutionary base areas. By then, Japanese invaders were steadily advancing towards North China, but Chiang Kai-shek’s KMT turned a blind eye to the looming national crisis. They mobilized over a million troops and more than 200 aircraft to launch a massive offensive at the Red Army’s base areas. Over the previous three years, Chiang Kai-shek had mounted four major military “encirclement” campaigns aimed at exterminating the Red Army, but all ended in failure. He was desperate for a pivotal victory to restore his prestige and to wipe out the CPC and the Red Army.

At the time, the commander of the Red Army abandoned mobile warfare tactics pioneered by Mao Zedong and other commanders, opting instead for rigid positional warfare involving conventional head-on clashes. But the reality was, some Red Army units didn’t even possess a single light machine gun; how could they confront the heavily-armed KMT army head-on?

Zhong Ming, a Red Army medic, could never erase the memories of gravely wounded soldiers being carried to his aid station. He remembered how a soldier whose chest was blown open begged his comrades to end his life. At the frontline, a whole battalion of Red Army soldiers religiously followed orders to defend crude earth-and-wood bunkers, but under the constant barrage of KMT artillery and airstrikes, every soldier in the battalion laid down their lives; not a single man survived.

What’s more heart-wrenching is that no matter how fearlessly the Red Army fought, the steep imbalance in military strength, paired with erroneous military command led to irreversible losses. By October 1934, the KMT’s iron-clad encirclement closed menacingly around Ruijin.

Faced with this dead-end, what decision would you make?

This stood as the most agonizing decision for the Red Army. The biggest challenge lay not in sacrificing one’s life for an ideal, but in finding a way to keep the revolutionary cause alive.

To stay meant defeat — the Red Army had no room to maneuver within the Central Revolutionary Base Area. To break through the encirclement, however slim the odds, offered a fighting chance. Preserving the Red Army as a living force mattered much more than clinging to isolated strongholds. Where the spark survives, the path ahead remains lit.

The air already turned chilly in October. Units of the Central Red Army assembled in Yudu to prepare for a strategic shift. The plan was kept strictly classified; none of the soldiers knew they were evacuating the base areas, only sensing an unusual vibe.

At dusk on Oct. 17, crowds lined up at the Yudu riverbank. Tens of thousands of villagers flocked from every corner to see the Red Army off. They walked alongside the marching columns, slipping food like eggs and glutinous rice balls into the soldiers’ pockets, praying for their swift homecoming.

The main force of the Central Red Army set off. Within days, they left behind revolutionary base areas where they had survived, grown and taken root. No one anticipated that the journey they embarked on would become the Long March, a trek spanning over 10 provinces. Still less could anyone imagine that this journey would ultimately pave the way for a brand-new China.

Looking back on this chapter of history, many claim that the Red Army only set out on this expedition because the enemies left them no other choice. To a degree, yes, the Long March was indeed a forced strategic shift, yet this fact does nothing to diminish its greatness and glory.

The ordinary Red Army soldiers had no idea how far they would march, or where they were heading. But they clung firmly to their founding mission: to deliver liberation for the people and independence to the nation. This unswerving conviction kept them from disintegrating through countless perils, sustaining them as they marched into the unknown with resolve.

David Ferguson:

I now realize that faith and ideals untested by harsh reality may have no true substance.

Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has always upheld the realization of communism as its fundamental goal. Despite devastating losses and extreme adversity, the Red Army continued to press forward resolutely and never faltered. Its inner strength came from an unshakable belief in the cause, an unwavering commitment to the founding aspiration, and a profound sense of mission. The Red Army was never fleeing pursuers in search of safety; it was marching forward to a future in which it had a steadfast belief.

Wang Xiaohui:

The Long March went on for two years. The Red Army trekked 25,000 li across some of China’s harshest terrain, but they kept their heads high, seeking hope amid despair and marching towards light through unending darkness. The lofty ideals and sense of mission they upheld have also become the torch that guides generations of CPC members in the following centennial, tempering them into steel as they press forward unswervingly toward national rejuvenation.

That spark lit along the Yudu River has never dimmed since.

China Mosaic
http://www.china.org.cn/video/node_7230027.htm

Faith: The Spark Born by the Yudu Riverside
http://www.china.org.cn/2026-10/16/content_118736835.shtml

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Linktel Technologies Highlights Breakthrough 1.6T LPO Performance & Strong Market Pull at OCP 2026

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SAN JOSE, Calif., Oct. 18, 2026 /PRNewswire/ — At the recent 2026 OCP Global Summit, Linktel Technologies showcased its cutting-edge optical interconnect portfolios engineered specifically for next-generation AI computing networks. Among the heavy lineup, Linktel’s 1.6T Linear Pluggable Optics (LPO) solutions commanded immense industry attention, drawing heavy customer interest for their unprecedented energy efficiency, ultra-low latency, and supply-chain resilience.

Spotlight: 1.6T LPO Performance & High Customer Traction

AI data centers face immense scaling pressures, demanding higher bandwidth densities with tighter thermal and power budgets. Linktel’s 1.6T LPO solutions—highlighted by the 1.6T LPO 2DR4—delivered standout performance metrics that captured the spotlight at the summit:

Ultra-Low Power Consumption: Operates with power consumption as low as an impressive 10W, drastically mitigating data center cooling and power loads.Minimal Latency: Features a linear optics architecture that cuts down signal processing delays, making it a critical asset for high-performance AI scale-out fabrics.Enhanced Supply-Chain Resilience: Eliminating the optical DSP mitigates component choke points, ensuring robust scalability for mass deployments.Proven Interoperability: Following its breakthrough performance and multi-switch platform interoperability at the early September 2026 1.6T LPO-MSA Plugfest, Linktel has laid a solid foundation for the 200G-per-wavelength ecosystem.

Surging Market Interest

Throughout OCP 2026, Linktel’s live demonstrations of its 1.6T LPO, LRO, and FRO modules drew crowds of data center architects and industry partners. With volume production already in place, Linktel is fully equipped to meet the exploding market demand for energy-efficient, high-density 1.6T connectivity.

Overview of Other Innovations at OCP 2026

In addition to the heavily requested 1.6T LPO lineup, Linktel showcased two other major high-speed architectural pillars:

12.8T Liquid-Cooled XPO:Featured a live thermal demonstration integrating advanced liquid cooling to guarantee stable operations in high-density AI nodes.As a founding member of the XPO MSA, Linktel is actively scaling XPO series with FRO, LRO, and LPO variants for comprehensive scale-up, scale-out, and scale-across frameworks.6.4T/7.2T NPO Modules:Displayed with covers removed to reveal internal architectural designs supporting both ELS and ILS configurations.Combines compact high density with low power and low latency, backed by an established 6.4T/7.2T NPO roadmap.DMD Technology & Executive Presentation:Linktel Engineer Director Dr. Grace Zhang hosted a heavily attended Executive Session titled “Dispersion Managed Transceiver for Next-Gen AI Fabrics,” detailing cost-effective 800G (20km) and 1.6T (10km) solutions for OCS SuperPOD architectures, as well as the feasibility of 400G per lambda (3km).With its DMD product line already in volume production, Linktel actively calls upon ecosystem partners to join forces in collaborative development. To drive ecosystem maturity, Linktel is open to sharing its U.S.-filed patents, paving the way for industry-wide adoption and advancements in next-gen AI fabrics.

About Linktel Technologies

Linktel Technologies is a global leader in optical transceiver development and manufacturing, supplying high-speed optical I/O connectivity—including pluggable transceivers, optical engines, and ODM/JDM services.

For more information, visit www.linktel.com or follow Linktel Technologies on LinkedIn.

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Advanced Manufacturing in Focus: Smart Life and Robotics Take the Spotlight at 140th Canton Fair

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GUANGZHOU, China, Oct. 18, 2026 /CNW/ — Phase 1 of the 140th Canton Fair, themed “Advanced Manufacturing,” opened on October 15 and will run through October 19. As one of the event’s most closely watched sections, the Consumer Electronics and Information Products zone once again serves as a showcase for the latest achievements in China’s manufacturing and technology industries.

Smart Life Solutions Address an Aging and Globalized Market

A highlight of this section is the focus on smart living, which brings together smart solutions designed to support healthier, safer, and more independent lifestyles.

For example, wearable devices and continuous glucose monitoring systems enable convenient tracking of key health indicators such as heart rate and blood glucose levels. Meanwhile, wearable exoskeletons and other AI-powered devices support mobility training and functional recovery. For home and elderly care, companion robots, electric nursing beds and home-use hyperbaric oxygen chambers, offer a combination of daily care, wellness support and lifestyle assistance. All these solutions highlight a growing shift toward technology-enabled living, where health management, personal care, and independent living are becoming more accessible and connected.

Service Robots Demonstrate Expanding Real-World Applications

The Service Robot Zone remains one of the fair’s most popular attractions in this edition.

Among the crowd favorites is a humanoid robot standing roughly 70–80 centimeters tall. With its expressive movements and playful appearance, the robot draws constant attention as it dances, approaches visitors and occasionally performs flips to the delight of onlookers. Behind the product is a company that has overcome key challenges in compact joint modules and modular humanoid robot development. Its independently developed high-power-density joints deliver remarkable agility and explosive movement, while modular architecture provides flexibility for a wide range of future applications.

More broadly, the Service Robot Zone features exhibits spanning a wide range of application areas, including embodied intelligence, specialized operations, urban services, and smart living. Full-size humanoid robots, dexterous hands with multimodal sensing capabilities and wheeled robots highlight the latest advances in artificial intelligence, perception technologies and motion control. For demanding industrial and emergency environments, exhibitors are presenting robotic inspection systems, live-line maintenance robots and underwater propulsion robots designed to improve safety and operational efficiency.

The commercial services sector is also well represented through reception robots, façade-cleaning robots and fully automated coffee kiosks, while everyday life applications include wearable exoskeletons, robotic lawn mowers and educational robots for home use. Together, these exhibits demonstrate how China’s robotics industry is accelerating its transition from technological innovation to large-scale commercialization.

As the 140th Canton Fair gets underway, the showcased innovations highlight China’s growing strength in advanced manufacturing, turning cutting-edge technologies into practical, market-ready solutions for global customers.

For more convenient attendance, please click here for pre-registration:
https://buyer.cantonfair.org.cn/register/buyer/email?source_type=16

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